Khotan

Located in the southern part of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region,Hetian area was known as “Khotan” in ancient times,meaning “land of jade”. The area hosted some of the thirty-six Western Region countries such as Khotan,Pishan,Qule,Jingjue,Xulu. In the Qing Dynasty,Khotan changed its name to “Hetian” in 1959,the character Tian was simplified to its current format. Hetian in ancient times enjoyed vast land and rich resources. The residents there mainly engaged in agriculture ,farming and animal husbandry. Hetian was the first area of Western Region that acquired the sericulture technology from the Central Plains.The area produced mulberry,hemp,jade,silk,carpets,etc.

Khotan area was one of the areas where Buddhism was introduced earliest in China. As early as during the 1st century B.C. Buddhism was introduced to Khotan which became one of the earliest Buddhist cultural centers in the Western Regions. Khotan was known as “Buddhist Kingdom Khotan”. Famous monks such as Faxian of the Jin Dynasty,Xuanzang of Tang Dynasty and others had all left their footprint in Khotan. The prosperity of Buddhist Kingdom Khotan left many ancient towns and Buddhist sites, such as Niya Ruins, the Teyuegan Ruins, where a large amount of precious cultural relics were unearthed. In the 11th century,with the eastward spread of Islamism,People in Khotan area gradually converted to believed in Islamism.

With fertile land and adequate sunshine,Hetian was very suitable for sericulture development. As a famous town for silk road,Hetian was the earliest production base of sericulture in Xinjiang and brocade and fine silk producing center. Archaeological findings proved thar as early as 2000 years ago,Hetian people already mastered the process of sericulture,sinning and dyeing. Silk trade flourished.Atals silk is a specially of Hetian.In Han Chinese,it id commonly referred to as “Hetian flowery silk”,meaning “tie-dyed silk”. Its soft texture and gorgeous colors are made using the old tie-dye method. It is light and elegant with unrestrained and rough patterns of many variations.

Hetian is also known as the hometown of “carpets”. As early as during the Tang Dynasty ,there were shops dealing in Hetian felts and carpets in Chang’an. During the Qing Dynasty,local officials from Hetian included Hetian carpets in the list of tributes to the imperial court. Hetian carpets have eye-catching colors,elegant tones,delicate patterns,exuding unique Uygur artistic styles and oriental charm,and have high practice value.

The most famous specially of Hetian area is jade. As early as during the Neolithic Period,Hetian man found gem quality jade in the Kunlun Mountain and made it a media for communication between central and western China,as well as for East-West cultural and economic exchange. Transport passage for jade from Hrtian emerged as the oldest “Jade Road”,some 1000 years earlier than the Silk Road. It can be said that the Jade Road was the predecessor of Silk Road. During the Western Han Dynasty,Zhang Qian who traveled to Western Region countries and opened the Silk Road was guided bu the Jade Road in the first place. Since then, the Jade Road became all the more smooth. Central Plain merchants shipped to Western Region large amount of silk and medicinal herbs and brought back jade and native products from the Western Regions on their return. The imperial court built in Gansu the Yemenguan(Jade Gate) Pass,implying that the jade is entering the country as of this pass.